WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS?
WHAT IS THE GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE SYSTEM?
HOW THE SATELLITE TV SYSTEM WORKS?
WHY KU BAND?
WHAT IS THE RAIN EFFECT ON SATELLITE TV SYSTEM?
WHAT IS FREE TO AIR (FTA) SATELLITE SYSTEM?
ANY FEES AND/OR LONG TERM CONTRACTS?
WHICH CHANNELS DO I GET WITH FTA SYSTEM?
HOW DO I FIND OUT POSITION OF THE DISH?
HOW CAN I SETUP SYSTEM/CABLING?
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RG-6 AND RG-59 COAX CABLE
WHAT SIZE DISH DO I NEED?

FTA SATELLITE SYSTEM INITIAL SETUP [SAT CRUISER DSR 101]
FTA SATELLITE SYSTEM SIGNAL QUALITY CONTROL

WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS?
In a relatively short period of time, satellite communications grew from a simple but successful experiment into a complex series of networks comprising a multi-billion-dollar industry. Phone companies use satellites to carry thousands of long-distance calls, businesses use them for data communications, and all phases of the television industry employ satellites to relay their programming from point-to-point. Satellites have solved a number of problems inherent in other forms of communications. The major advantages to use a satellite system are:
• Satellites are reliable. Their transmissions are virtually unaffected by changes in the weather, time of day or sun activity.
• Satellite picture quality is superior, since the satellite system uses only one repeater.
The frequencies used by satellites allow bandwidths of sufficient capacity to transmit TV signals that won't fade periodically, such as HF radio signals will do.
• Satellites are by far the lowest cost means of medium to long-distance communications, as compared with landline wires, undersea cables, and earthbound microwave relay stations.

WHAT IS THE GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE SYSTEM?
The geostationary satellite system is a group of relay satellites that orbit the Earth in a seemingly fixed position in the sky. They receive television signals up linked from Earth and then they retransmit them to areas as large as an entire continent at once.
It has long been known that objects that circle the Earth at a great distance (high orbit) will travel at a speed slower than the rotation of the Earth. The best example of this is the moon, which circles our planet at a distance of about 220,000 miles. The distance at which a satellite will become geosynchronous is 22,279 statute miles above the equator in a orbit path (also called the Clarke Satellite Belt). Satellites in such an orbit appear to remain fixed in relation to a specific point on Earth, but traveling at almost 7,000 miles per hour in the same direction the Earth turns. With an accurate and properly adjusted polar mount, the antenna can be aimed at any satellite in the Clarke Satellite Belt. Most antennas have provisions to move the reflector either by hand or with a motor drive system.

HOW THE SATELLITE TV SYSTEM WORKS?
Satellites operate in the microwave frequency range. This allows them the bandwidths necessary to handle several television channels and thousands of voice and data transmissions simultaneously. There are two major freq bands allocated for satellite communication; C-Band and KU Band. Section 3 gives broader info about these bands. In order o understand covering areas of the satellites followings needed to be known;
Bore sight Point: Since both of the satellite's antennas are directional, they both have a pattern. The center of this pattern, where maximum gain occurs, is called the bore sight point.
Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) : The pattern of the transmitting becomes particularly important when attempting to determine the strength of a satellite signal reaching the Earth. As the transmissions leave the satellite, they form a beam that covers a specific area of the Earth. The energy levels of this beam are called Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP), and they are distributed in a pattern where the signal is stronger in the center than at the edges. The levels of EIRP are expressed in "decibels above one watt" (dBW), and they tend to fall away from the center of the footprint pattern in descending values. A typical footprint map, for example, might show a bore sight point strength of 35 dBW with concentric lines indicating 34 dBW, 33, 32, and so on, towards the outer fringes. These values do not take into account the path loss incurred between the satellite and the receiving antenna, but they are the most important indicators of available signal strength.

Footprint: This pattern is referred to as a "footprint" and is shown on a map with contour lines that connect equal levels of EIRP together. This is called a footprint map and looks similar to a meteorological survey map, where isobars connect equal levels of atmospheric pressure. See Appendix 5 for the footprint figures.

WHY KU BAND ?
C Band: The uplink frequencies ranged from 5925 to 6425 MHz. The downlink frequencies ranged from 3700 to 4200 MHz, providing 500 MHz of bandwidth in each direction. This freq region is overlaps with terrestrial microwave communication systems.. This situation causes interference between C-Band and terrestrial microwave communication systems. Since these terrestrial systems existed prior to the development of satellite communication systems, the newer satellite systems must not interfere with the terrestrial systems. Therefore, the EIRP is limited to a level so that there is no interference from the satellite with the terrestrial system. Also, the locations of the uplink earth-stations need to be restricted to prevent interference with terrestrial microwave communication systems.

Ku-Band: The downlink frequencies are 11.7 to 12.7 GHz, and the uplink frequencies are 14.0 to 14.5 GHz. The Ku-band frequency region was selected in the 1970s for the exclusive use by satellite communication systems, thereby eliminating the problem of interference with terrestrial systems. The Ku-band frequency region allows increased EIRP levels from the satellite and significantly smaller earth-station antennas for the same gain and beam width as the C-band antennas. Also, Ku-band uplinks can operate from any location and can be highly mobile. These capabilities have made possible the use of live television coverage of both news and sports events. Small Ku-band uplink antennas can fit into suitcases and travel with new correspondents to any location on the earth.
Actually, there are approximately
• 15 C-band satellites,
• 17 Ku-band and
• 13 hybrid C- and Ku-band satellites in west longitude. A hybrid satellite is one that has both C-band and Ku-band transponders available for use on the same satellite.

WHAT IS THE RAIN EFFECT ON SATELLITE TV SYSTEM?
The raindrops absorb some of the signals when the number of drops goes beyond 100 mm per hour, a process known as Rain Fade. This kind of heavy rain effects both up link and down link communication of the satellite. Engineer at HEI consulting, Canada has done a test to figure out the signal attenuation loss due to the rain. They measured the rainfall as depth per hour The approximate rainfall attenuation at 12.5 GHz, assuming that one mile or 1.6 Km of the path from satellite to receiver passes through different rainfall density, is given in their web site. It is shown that, 2.3 dB downstream signal attenuation experienced when the rainfall reaches 25.4 mm/hour. In the case of 250 mm/hour rainfall the signal attenuation goes up to 43 dB, which is enough to disturb the proper video transmission.[6]. As far as yearly rainfall records, Washington DC metropolitan are has not been experiencing long lasting heavy rains so far. Therefore rain fade is not going to be considered as a big obstacle for the potential Satellite TV customers.

WHAT IS FREE TO AIR (FTA) SATELLITE SYSTEM?
FTA stands for "Free to Air"- meaning that the signal is not encrypted with conditional access. MPEG-2 is not an encryption method although encryption can be added.
No viewing card and membership are required.
No contract to sign
No monthly fee

ANY FEES AND/OR LONG TERM CONTRACTS?

No,
No monthly fee,
No contract to sign,
No long-term commitment.

This is Free to Air system. It means if the TV Channels broadcast their signal free (without any scramble), then you can watch it free. There are some TV Channels are scrambled though, therefore you have to pay their fees.

For FTA system, you are going to pay for the equipment and installation only. If you can do the installation by yourself the you pay only for the system components (i.e. Satellite Dish, Receiver, LNBF and Cable). This is one time cost.

WHICH CHANNELS DO I GET WITH FTA SYSTEM?
There are a variety of ethnic and Network Programming that you can receive. Telstar 5 satellite is very popular for ethnic programming, ARABIC, IRAN, and ASIAN channels. You can get the following ethnic channels if your dish is pointed correctly:
• ASIA : DA-1,Tamil TV, KBS, SBS, SC, SBC, UCN, Maharishi, YTN, BLTV, WOW, ETTV-1,K Gospel, USTV, JET, SET-1, MAC TV, DA-A1, BNE-TV, ASIA, SVC/Super Value
• ARABIC : Syria TV, Dubai Sport, NBN Int., ANA/MBC, Nile TV, Qatar TV, Abu Dhabi TV, Palestine Jordan, Dubai News, Iraq TV, Yemen, Dubai Business, Kuwait TV, Al-Alam, Saudi Radio, Saudi TV, Kuwait Radio
• EUROPEAN: Napoli International, TV Polonia, Russia, EuroNews, Romanian TV,Fashion TV, STV, TRT Int
• IRANIAN, PERSIAN, FARSI: NITV/National Iranian TV, Channel One, Azadi,Iran TV/ITN, Tapesh TV, Apadana Int., PARS, IPN/Tamasha, Iran Radio, Jaam-a-Jam Tehran, Jam-A-Jam Int., Farsi Net Radio, Mille TV, PARS TV,Bahai Radio, FAN Farsi Net
• Bloomberg Financial Television
• Hispanic Music Television.
NOTE: This is a partial list of the available TV channels. Please do not hesitate to call us if you can not find the TV Channels that you are interested in. We will do the search for you.
Check www.lyngsat.com for comprehensive programming and satellite locations.

HOW DO I FIND OUT LOCATION OF A SATELLITE?

A-] If you have SolarSat antenna you can find the exact location of the dish in 5 seconds (not even a minute).

Solarsat Antenna is easy to install by the ordinary customer all around the world by simple angle adjustment if the Sunlight exist at the moment of installation.

STEP 1: SolarSat software is already loaded into the SatCruser Receivers. So simply enter the location, time, type of the SolarSat antenna and the satellite that you are interest in on the SolarSat on-screen menu. The software will give your X-axis and Y-axis scale numbers. (SolarSat Program will calculate the setting point of the shadow)

STEP 2: The go to the antenna and try to locate the Shadow [Y-axis scale for the coordinate] on the crossing point stands for X-value calculated by the program. When you move the antenna with hand, the shadow will follow. Once you have the shadow on the X-value on the dish, that is.

As SolarSat Antenna requires the both conditions, matching the Shadow Position as well as leveling of the device (horizon), the given Level is needed to be attached at the upper position of the Scale Line. You can check the horizontal level by confirming the bubble of the Level positioned at center of the device.

If you set the angle up to the point of predetermined shadow scale, signal reception of the satellite broadcasting is OK. You are done, just tight/fasten the dish properly.

For more detailed information about Solar Sat antenna and installation please call us.

B-] If you do NOT have SolarSat Antenna and would like to Install the system for TELSTAR_5 by yourself:
- For the POSITION OF THE DISH; go to this web site http://www.lyngsat.com/tracker/t5.shtml and bring the mouse/arrow on your city on the USA map and click. You will see the azimuth and elevation

- Mount and Install the dish. Place the LNBF in proper position (see below). Connect the dish/LNBF to the receiver (see Hardware Installation)
- Follow the steps in FTA SATELLITE SYSTEM SIGNAL QUALITY CONTROL to find where to see the Signal Strength and Quality
- Try to have S and Q around 60% by changing the position of the dish
- The fasten the dish very tight
- Done !

HOW CAN I SETUP SYSTEM/CABLING?
In TV cabling, the common 20-gauge RG-59 coaxial cable (composed of two conductors and several layers of insulation) served the industry when there were only Channels 2 though 13 in the TV spectrum. RG-59 is being replaced by the better performing 18-gauge RG-6 coaxial cable (at the same price). With today's high-frequency channels and the growing demand for Digital Satellite Systems (DSS), High Definition Television (HDTV), and interactive services such as video-on-demand and WebTV, homes need cable with greater bandwidth and dependability.

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RG-6 AND RG-59 COAX CABLE

RG-59 is a lower grade of coaxial cable, consisting of a smaller center conductor, a smaller insulating dielectric, and a single outer shield. It delivers acceptable performance for CATV. RG-59 has a 22 AWG center conductor.

RG-6, on the other hand, has a larger center conductor (18AWG), a dual or quad shield (2 braids and 2 foils), and a much larger insulating dielectric. The benefits of using RG-6 cable include: more bandwidth, is less susceptible to interference, and lower attenuation per foot. RG-6 delivers exceptional performance for CATV, satellite and all other video applications, and is considered the cable of choice for digital TV.

As cable TV companies add new channels and begin to introduce two-way communication, the bandwidth limitations of RG-59 will make it obsolete. RG-6, on the other hand, is rated at up to 1.5 gigahertz (GHz) - about double the rating for RG-59. The superior protection provided by four separate electronic shields within the cable also ensures that signals traveling through RG-6 remain intact.

The EIA/TIA 570-A Residential Telecommunication Cabling Standard specifies Series 6/ RG-6 coaxial cable.

FROM DISH TO RECEIVER: The RG-6 coaxial cable that comes from the dish/LNBF will be connected to SatCruiser DSR 101 DIGITAL in. This is how you are going to provide input to the Sat Cruiser Receiver.

FROM RECEIVER TO TV SET: There are two outputs available from SatCruiser Satellite Receiver to TV set. One of them is Audio Video Cable (AV cable with three separate cables, Yellow, White and red). The other one is RG-6 coaxial cable. Depending on your TV type you can use any of the two connections.

WHAT SIZE DISH DO I NEED?
The general rule is "the bigger, the better", but there are a number of variables to consider. The homeowner should find that a three meter antenna will give him perfect picture quality, provided that his LNB and receiver perform well. Ku Band antennas are relatively smaller than C bad. There are two size available; 90 cm and 76 cm. Here is the recommend EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power) levels and recommended antenna size for Ku-Band.

Here is the recommended size of antenna wrt EIRP levels

EIRP levels > 47 => Antenna Size 76 cm (29.9 in.)

EIRP levels <47 => Antenna Size 90 cm ( 36 in)

To see/find EIRP levels in your region for TelStar 5 KU please visit
http://www.loralskynet.com/fleet/telstar5/t5ft_us.asp.html and look at the map for KU band ( not C band !)

FTA SATELLITE SYSTEM INITIAL SETUP [SAT CRUISER DSR 101]
1-] Press MENU button on the remote Control.
Main Menu will appear on the TV screen. Move the yellow highlight down to Installation and press OK
2-] On the Installation menu; move the yellow highlight down to TP Configuration and press OK
3-] When you have the screen on the right, move the highlight to Satellite and press OK
4-] Satellite should be fixed to Telstar_5_KU
5-] Then go one step down to make sure LNBF freq 10750
6-] Then go down one more step to Search Channels. When orange square active, Press OK
7-] Wait... Available TV and Radio channels are being loaded
8-] When the search is finished press EXIT (you will see, "press any key")

FTA SATELLITE SYSTEM SIGNAL QUALITY CONTROL
(Useful for manual dish positioning and diagnosis)
1-] Press MENU button on the remote Control.
Main Menu will appear on the TV screen. Move the yellow highlight down to Installation and press OK
2-] On the Instillation menu; move the yellow highlight down to TP Configuration and press OK. Now, you are in TP Configuration stage
3-] Go down to Transporter list where you can see Frequencies
4-] Highlight /pick the frequency 12177 V 23000 then press OK
5-] Look at The S bar [signal bar] Should be min 60%
6-] Look at the Q bar [quality bar] Should be min 60%

- If the Signal Strength (the S bar) is between 10%-60% then there is a problem in the position of the dish. If S is less than 10%, there might be cabling problem.
- If Quality of Signal (the Q bar) is between 10% and %60 then there is a problem in the position of the dish.

Please try to get S and Q values handy before calling us. You will save time.

Joseph and Sons, LLC 2004

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